Heat, from district heating, and coal represent 7% and 3% of the household consumption in 2009 (compared to 10% and 12% in 1990). Oil follows with 15%, ahead of biomass (11%). Gas and electricity are the main energy source in the household energy consumption (39% and 25% respectively in 2009 compared to 29% and 19% in 1990). On the contrary, electricity consumption continued to increase at 1.6% a year. Between 20, the household energy consumption has decreased by 0.7% due to the economic crisis. Over the period 2005-2009 the final energy consumption decreased by 2.6% (-0.6%/year). Over the same period, final household electricity consumption increased faster, at an annual growth rate of 1.7%. Between 19, the final household energy consumption increased by 7.5% in the EU-27, at an annual average growth rate of 0.4%.Estimation based on the relative performance of new buildings built with new regulations, based on building codes, compared to the performance of new buildings built in 1990. This approach overestimates the impact of building regulations as it is well known, but not well quantified, that the actual unit of new dwellings is higher than this consume more than this theoretical consumption, because of non compliance and rebound effects (the fact that in well insulated dwellings occupants tend to have a higher indoor temperature than in less insulated dwellings). This estimate was based on a modelling assuming for new dwellings that their unit consumption is equal to the theoretical consumption as implied by the standards. Including for instance France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Austria, Sweden. Differences between countries can be explained by the high energy efficiency potentials available in these countries due to outdated infrastructures (e.g. Over the period 2005-2009 there is also an acceleration in energy efficiency progress for EU15 countries such as UK (improvement of 4%/year), France (improvement of 2.2%/year), Ireland (-2.5%/year), Germany (-1.9%/year). There exist large discrepancies among countries: from few improvements for Hungary, Greece to great improvements for new members such as Slovenia, Poland and Romania with an annual average rate of energy efficiency improvement above 2% over the period 2000-2009 (Figure 7).
Energy efficiency progress has been lower in 2009 at EU level (0.6 %). Over the period 2005-2009, the average energy efficiency improvement rate at EU level was 1.3% per year.As a result, the share of the most efficient appliances (A, A+, A++) has increased significantly: from 6% in 1997 to 94% in 2009 for refrigerators and from 3% to 95% for washing machines, for example. For large appliances, the improvement in energy efficiency results from technical improvement driven by EU mandatory Directives on labelling and voluntary agreements with equipment manufacturers. For the EU-27 as a whole, new dwellings built in 2009 consumed about 40% less energy than dwellings built in 1990, because of new building codes (Figure 9).The other factors responsible for the decrease of the unit consumption should be the retrofitting of existing dwellings and the introduction of new more efficient heating appliances (namely, condensing boilers and heat pumps), as well as behavioral savings. The introduction of new dwellings with better insulation since 1990 contributed to decrease the unit consumption per dwelling at different levels: 12% for Sweden, around 35% for France and Netherlands, 40% for Poland, 50% for Denmark and 70% for Germany. Figure 9 shows an estimate of the impact of building standards in the unit consumption of dwelling since 1990 for a selection of countries. the share of recent building in to total stock). However, the magnitude of this impact varies with the countries, depending on the number of standards upgrades, their severity and the number of new dwellings (i.e. These standards require a theoretical maximum heating unit consumption for new buildings. All EU countries have developed thermal regulations for new dwellings, some of them as far as the seventies. Part of these improvements occurred in the area of space heating due to better thermal performance of buildings encouraged by mandatory efficiency standards for new buildings, and a larger penetration of high efficiency boilers (e.g. Over the period 1990-2009, energy efficiency in the household sector increased by 24%, at an average rate of 1.4% per year (Figure 1).
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